1. Instruction Level Parallelism, Dynamic Scheduling, Branch Prediction
2. Other enhancements: Multiple Issue and Speculation
3. Thread Level Parallelism
4. Memory Hierarchy, Cache Performance, Reducing Miss Penalty, Miss Rate and Hit time. Main Memory. Virtual Memory
5. Multiprocessor Systems. Shared and Distributed Memory, Cache coherency problems
6. Interconnection Networks, Network Topology, Clusters.
Suggested Reference: Computer Architecture – Hennessey & Patterson (Third Edition), Chapters 3, 5, 6 and 8